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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

The surface and subsurface transport of pollutants from agricultural lands andhave causedsoil salinity problems

Land degradationcausessoil salinity problems

increased mangrove invasioncausingincreased soil salinity

by over - irrigation(passive) caused byHigh soil salinity

usually(passive) is ... causedHigh soil salinity

by NaCl(passive) is causedHigh soil salinity

by NaCl(passive) largely contributed byhigh soil salinity

by climatic variability(passive) caused bySevere soil salinity

typically by NaCl(passive) is caused ... byHigh soil salinity

by sewage dumping and a lack of irrigation(passive) caused bysoil salinity levels

sewage dumping and a lack of irrigation(passive) caused bysoil salinity levels

by sewage dumping and(passive) caused bysoil salinity levels

West Asia region ... intensive use of ground waterleadsto land salinity of soil

In dry regions salts may accumulatecausingnatural soil salinity

by climate change - induced sea level rise(passive) caused bythe spread of soil salinity

inappropriate irrigation practices such as irrigation with saline water or poor drainage(passive) can also be caused byElevated soil salinity

climate change - induced sea level rise , tidal flooding and heightened storm surges(passive) caused bythe spread of soil salinity

by climate change - induced sea level rise , tidal flooding and heightened storm surges(passive) caused bythe spread of soil salinity

often(passive) is ... causedRising soil salinity

Excessive use of water for irrigation practiceshas causedthe soil salinity / alkanity

inherent site propertiesinfluencedsoil salinity profiles

how inherent site propertiesinfluencedsoil salinity profiles

Water salinity influences the soil qualitythus causingsoil salinity

salt deposition in soilresultsin soil salinity

salts deposition ... the soilresultsin soil salinity

salts deposition in the soilresultsin soil salinity

Productsdesignedto remediate soil salinity

Manure ... when land applied at excessive ratescontributeto soil salinity

when land applied at excessive ratescontributeto soil salinity

by human activities and natural factors(passive) caused bysoil salinity

human activities and natural factors(passive) caused bysoil salinity

the form of water loggingleadingto soil salinity

shallow and groundwater processescausesoil salinity

The main natural factorsinfluencingsoil salinity

water loggingleadingto soil salinity

by saline surface runoff(passive) caused bysoil salinity

Accumulation of salts on the surfacecan resultin Soil salinity

by the water(passive) caused bySoil salinity

The presence of Na+ salts in soilcan leadto soil salinity

many placesresultingsalinity of ground

to loss of agricultural lands ... because most crop plants tolerate very little salt in the soilcan leadto loss of agricultural lands ... because most crop plants tolerate very little salt in the soil

to a significant decline in the output of high - yielding variety of rice which ultimately impacts on the poor farmers ' livelihoodto leadto a significant decline in the output of high - yielding variety of rice which ultimately impacts on the poor farmers ' livelihood

a reduction in both yield and quality of cropscausesa reduction in both yield and quality of crops

to stressed - out plants and reduced yieldscan leadto stressed - out plants and reduced yields

to the decrease of community stabilityleadto the decrease of community stability

alsocan ... causealso

Crop development and nutrient availability(passive) are strongly influenced byCrop development and nutrient availability

to stressed - out plantscan leadto stressed - out plants

to famineleadingto famine

from heavy irrigationresultsfrom heavy irrigation

fall in rice yieldmay causefall in rice yield

in lower crop growth and yieldsresultsin lower crop growth and yields

nutrient imbalancescan ... causenutrient imbalances

in corrosion of the reinforcement and subsequent cracking and spalling of concretehas resultedin corrosion of the reinforcement and subsequent cracking and spalling of concrete

to its invasive naturecontributingto its invasive nature

to crop yield reductioncan leadto crop yield reduction

negativelyinfluencesnegatively

elevated cadmium concentrations in field - grown potato tuberscauseselevated cadmium concentrations in field - grown potato tubers

in several adverse plant and soil stressescan resultin several adverse plant and soil stresses

several severe problems for crop production as it can destroy soil structurecan causeseveral severe problems for crop production as it can destroy soil structure

substantial decline in growth and productivity of cropscan causesubstantial decline in growth and productivity of crops

One - fifth of irrigated arable lands in the world has been reported(passive) to be adversely influenced byOne - fifth of irrigated arable lands in the world has been reported

to a 15.6 percent wane in the harvest of high - yield ricewill leadto a 15.6 percent wane in the harvest of high - yield rice

alreadyis ... influencingalready

agricultural production and internal migrationis ... influencingagricultural production and internal migration

agricultural production[6is ... influencingagricultural production[6

to the yellowish brown spots that appear at the tip of mango mangifera indica leaves known as leaf burntypically leadsto the yellowish brown spots that appear at the tip of mango mangifera indica leaves known as leaf burn

agricultural production and internal migration in some locations ... and could affect many other coastal areas where farming takes place , from Asia to the U.S. Pacific and Gulf coastsis ... influencingagricultural production and internal migration in some locations ... and could affect many other coastal areas where farming takes place , from Asia to the U.S. Pacific and Gulf coasts

increasinglycausesincreasingly

agricultural production[6 ] and internal migration[7 ... in some locations ... and could affect many other coastal areas where farming takes place , from Asia to the U.S. Pacific and Gulf coastsis ... influencingagricultural production[6 ] and internal migration[7 ... in some locations ... and could affect many other coastal areas where farming takes place , from Asia to the U.S. Pacific and Gulf coasts

Problems(passive) caused byProblems

plants to become watercausesplants to become water

plant as well as soil sustainabilitymay ... influenceplant as well as soil sustainability

plants to become water stressed orcausesplants to become water stressed or

an increase in groundwater salinityis ... causingan increase in groundwater salinity

reduction of crop productivitycausesreduction of crop productivity

negative effects on the growth and yield of cropscausesnegative effects on the growth and yield of crops

the negative effects on the growth and yield of cropscausesthe negative effects on the growth and yield of crops

to reduced crop productivitycan ultimately leadto reduced crop productivity

plant damagecausingplant damage

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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