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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

the study ... slow enrollmentresultedin a small sample size

a pilot feasibility studycontributedto the small sample size

Early termination of the studyresultedin a small sample size

This study ... range , 5–45resultedin a small sample size

One disadvantage of this study ... only a few procedureshave ledto a small sample size

The negative result in the current studymight resultfrom the small sample size

Although the present study reportsresultsfrom a small sample size

type II errorresultingfrom the small sample size

Additionally , the study was only powered for its pharmacokinetic endpointresultingin a small sample size

the study ... one university teaching hospitalledto the small sample size

As it was an explorative study , so no a priori power analysis has been performedto setsample size

The main limitation of this study ... the time frame analysedledto a small sample size

Inclusion of only orthopedic injuries and monocentric nature of the studycould leadto small sample size

what is meant by low statistical power andcan resultfrom small sample size

This retrospective record review study , due to necessary chart exclusionsresultedin a small sample size

that the ROCKET AF study protocol excluded all patients scheduled for ECV or PCVtherefore contributingto the small sample size

This decision was apparently based on unspecified complications with four horses being excused from the studyresultingin a small sample size

Some limitations of the study related to the duration of the dietary intervention ( 8 weeks as opposed to 12 weeks ) andmay have influencedsample size

A significant limitation of this study is the relatively few cases of cHCC - CC that were encountered and suitable for liver transplantnecessarily resultingin a small sample size

In the current study , logistical restraints due to limited funding prohibited an extended time for recruitmentcontributingto a small sample size

In concurrence with other studies [ 6,8 ] , challenges came up in recruiting participants for the more extensive field studyresultingin a small sample size

limited statistical powerresultingfrom the small sample size

just a flukeresultingfrom a small sample size

The low powerresultingfrom the small sample size

inefficient powerresultingfrom the small sample size

a lack of powercausedy small sample size

the reduced powerresultingfrom the small sample size

recall biasresultedin a small sample size

This study was completely voluntary , with no compensation for participation reflecting a significant attrition rate from those eligible , to initial consent , and to final completion of the postsurveyleadingto a small sample size

Barriers to participation in the study , including patients lacking a legally authorized representative ( LAR ) or consent denied by a LAR , or patients meeting clinical exclusion criteriaresultedin a small sample size

using power analysisto setsample size

As a consequence it is done in minimum frequencyresultingin a small sample size

the noiseresultingfrom the small sample size

data limitations(passive) caused bythe small sample size

wide confidence limitsresultingfrom small sample size

just a statistical artifactresultingfrom small sample size

Based on the low response rate on certain questions ,thus resultingin a small sample size

a misrepresentation of dataresultingfrom a small sample size

the trial dataresultingfrom the small sample size

expression datasetwith small sample size

to a probable type II errorleadingto a probable type II error

to a risk of type II errorleadsto a risk of type II error

in a large type II errorresultingin a large type II error

to bias resultscan leadto bias results

possible bias(passive) caused bypossible bias

the values bias(passive) caused bythe values bias

to potential biasmay leadto potential bias

in a sample biascould have resultedin a sample bias

publication biasshall influencepublication bias

downward bias(passive) caused bydownward bias

in a type II error at the time of univariate and multivariate analysisresultingin a type II error at the time of univariate and multivariate analysis

selection bias in our studymay have ... causedselection bias in our study

possible selection biascreatingpossible selection bias

to a type II error ( failure to reject a false null hypothesisleadingto a type II error ( failure to reject a false null hypothesis

the potential statistic bias(passive) caused bythe potential statistic bias

in a bias toward the nullresultedin a bias toward the null

to a false negative conclusion or type II error , which can be beneficial in meta - analysismay leadto a false negative conclusion or type II error , which can be beneficial in meta - analysis

type II error , which may prevent healthy evaluation of significance in the " after scoresmay have causedtype II error , which may prevent healthy evaluation of significance in the " after scores

unknown source of bias in the findingscould causeunknown source of bias in the findings

to a Type II error , i.e. , acceptance of the null hypothesis when there exists a difference because of a lack of power to detect itcould leadto a Type II error , i.e. , acceptance of the null hypothesis when there exists a difference because of a lack of power to detect it

to a lack of statistical significance in our reportmay contributeto a lack of statistical significance in our report

to biased resultscan leadto biased results

to a type II error ... and that key migraine components ( such as lateralization , stress , and hydration status ) may also confound these datamay have contributedto a type II error ... and that key migraine components ( such as lateralization , stress , and hydration status ) may also confound these data

in estimations with very large bias or standard errormight resultin estimations with very large bias or standard error

its limitations for the generalizability of the resultsalso createsits limitations for the generalizability of the results

in a selection bias that might have affected our findings as wellcould have resultedin a selection bias that might have affected our findings as well

Limitation of these results(passive) is caused byLimitation of these results

the obtained resultsmay influencethe obtained results

to under - estimation and result in a lack of statistical significancecan leadto under - estimation and result in a lack of statistical significance

to the lack of statistical significance at 1 monthcould have contributedto the lack of statistical significance at 1 month

to the difference in resultsmay have contributedto the difference in results

The differences in the results(passive) may have been contributed byThe differences in the results

to the possibility of a type II error ... due to the cross - sectional design , cause - and - effect statements could not be made ; and the low internal consistency of the timeliness subscale may have adversely affected the results.2ledto the possibility of a type II error ... due to the cross - sectional design , cause - and - effect statements could not be made ; and the low internal consistency of the timeliness subscale may have adversely affected the results.2

to wide confidence intervals obtainedhas contributedto wide confidence intervals obtained

to negative results in some casesmay have ledto negative results in some cases

to false - negative resultsmay have ledto false - negative results

The discrepant results(passive) might be caused byThe discrepant results

to these vague resultsmay contributeto these vague results

the results from being significantmay have preventedthe results from being significant

to the nonsignificant resultsmay have contributedto the nonsignificant results

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

See more*