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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

data ... some critical factorscauseselection bias

time - varying factors(passive) caused byselection bias

Officers ’ participation ... factorscreateda selection bias

loss to follow up and adherence(passive) caused byselection bias

The convenience sampling method we usedmay have ledto selection bias

refusal to participate or loss to follow - up(passive) caused bySelection bias

This situationcould have causedselection bias

some limitations , including its retrospective study design and small number of patientsmay have causeda selection bias

Allocation concealment will be usedto preventselection bias

Allocation Concealment with BlindingAllocation concealment seeksto preventselection bias

Convenient sampling used for the exclusive breastfeeding groupcould have causedselection bias

some limitations , including some limitations 's retrospective study design and small number of patientsmay have causeda selection bias

Allocation concealment , ( which attemptsto preventselection bias

the exclusion of these subjectswould have createda selection bias

difference in phage growth rate[33(passive) caused byselection bias

exclusion and inclusion criteria(passive) caused byselection bias

that factor ... unlikelyto have causeda selection bias

This allocation concealment was doneto preventselection bias

allocation concealment helpsto preventselection bias

the purposive sampling method(passive) caused bythe selection bias

a systematic sampling methodcould preventselection bias

the snowball sampling methodmay have createda selection bias

ethnic differences ... a factormay have causedselection bias

difference in phage growth rate or even worse(passive) caused byselection bias

Random sequence generation and allocation concealment ... necessaryto preventselection bias

the relatively low response rate of 43 %may causea selection bias

many mistakes , including voluntary participation , limiting factors for participation , insufficient sample size , or intentional bias(passive) can be caused bySelection bias

no deposit causal effect on either E or D. Berger and colleagues have made clear arguments for the crucial role of adequate allocation concealment and randomisation proceduresto preventselection biases

attrition ( loss of participants),[12(passive) caused byselection bias

attrition ( loss of participants),[13(passive) caused byselection bias

random orderto preventselection bias

A limitation of the present study ... random samplingmay causeselection bias

An “ allocation concealment ” process seeksto preventselection bias

Randomisation and concealment of allocation are of central importance clinical trialsto preventselection bias

that allocation concealment relates to the process before randomizationto preventselection bias

Randomization : Randomization helpspreventselection bias

a selection factor(passive) contributed bythe selection bias

Following this study we recommend the use of a tidal breath sampling method in future studies of emergency care patientsto preventselection bias

Voluntary participation by interested GPsmay have causedselection bias

the low response rate among male students(passive) caused byselection bias

the results to some extentmay have influencedthe results to some extent

to skewed resultscan leadto skewed results

the results of a reviewmight ... influencethe results of a review

to the inconsistent resultsmight also contributeto the inconsistent results

to changes in resultsleadingto changes in results

the results of this analysismay influencethe results of this analysis

the final resultsmay have influencedthe final results

overestimation of the resultsmay causeoverestimation of the results

theses results(passive) were ... influenced bytheses results

the reported results(passive) have been influenced bythe reported results

the results presentedmay have influencedthe results presented

individual study resultsmay have influencedindividual study results

the results seen in this studymay also influencethe results seen in this study

The results of the present study(passive) could have been influenced byThe results of the present study

the survey data and resultsmay have influencedthe survey data and results

the results of association studiescan influencethe results of association studies

to biased algorithmic resultscould leadto biased algorithmic results

to flawed polling resultsleadsto flawed polling results

the results to appear as you want them tocausesthe results to appear as you want them to

to results ( Rapid Responsemay have ledto results ( Rapid Response

to an important regard on our resultswould have ledto an important regard on our results

results on somatic comorbiditymay have influencedresults on somatic comorbidity

to the results of the satisfaction ratingscontributedto the results of the satisfaction ratings

to the positive results [ 15,16may have contributedto the positive results [ 15,16

the results of a study through the pattern of missing datacan also influencethe results of a study through the pattern of missing data

the generalization of the results to all vertigo patientspreventsthe generalization of the results to all vertigo patients

the results of this nonrandomized , retrospective studymay have influencedthe results of this nonrandomized , retrospective study

in an overestimation of the study 's resultsmay have resultedin an overestimation of the study 's results

The results of the prospective and retrospective studies(passive) may be influenced byThe results of the prospective and retrospective studies

to a finding of worse results in this groupleadingto a finding of worse results in this group

to wasted efforts and poor resultscould leadto wasted efforts and poor results

these results in favor of MIS fusionmay have influencedthese results in favor of MIS fusion

to restrictions regarding the generalizability of the resultsleadsto restrictions regarding the generalizability of the results

in bias in the exit poll resultsdirectly resultsin bias in the exit poll results

generalization of our results to all critically ill patientspreventsgeneralization of our results to all critically ill patients

the significance of our findingsinfluencedthe significance of our findings

the results from the previous smaller study in Stockholm(passive) to be caused partially or entirely bythe results from the previous smaller study in Stockholm

to results skewed to heavy data usagewill leadto results skewed to heavy data usage

to inconsistent estimation of results and policy misapplicationsleadsto inconsistent estimation of results and policy misapplications

your results to be uninteresting , particularly to journal refereescan causeyour results to be uninteresting , particularly to journal referees

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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