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by response process(passive) caused byself - selection bias
by non - participation(passive) caused bypotential selection bias
by losses to follow - up(passive) caused bypotential selection bias
by settlement(passive) caused bypotential selection bias
Therefore , these hospitals might differ in their willingness to improvecausingpotential selection bias
by women 's labor force participation(passive) caused bypotential selection bias
women 's labor force participation(passive) caused bypotential selection bias
However , there was likely to be little bias owing to the exclusion criteria used (might have ledto selection bias
Study Limitations One limitation in the design of the present study ... a non - randomized studymay have resultedin selection bias
First , this was a retrospective study with a relatively small cohort of patients at a single center ,potentially resultingin selection bias
limitations in the form that it was a single center - based studycould resultin selection bias
One limitation in the design of the present study ... a non - randomized studymay have resultedin selection bias
in other words , the respondents who chose to participate in the survey may be different from the overall population in a way that shifts the results of the surveycan leadto selection bias
Selection of patients from this population ... likelyto causeselection bias
One limitation was that we enrolled a small number of patients from a single center and performed retrospective analysiscould leadto selection bias
LIMITATIONS A major limitation of the study was convenience sampling of the subjectsleadingto selection bias
random sampling ... a representative sample , non - response and volunteer biasleadingto selection bias
when the regression analysis conditions on a common effect of exposure and outcomemay causeselection bias
the major limitation of this study ... its retrospective designcontributesto selection bias
the study participants ... random samplingcould leadto selection bias
One initial difference between the treatment and control schoolswould leadto selection bias
treatment choices ... units ( i.e. , the factors under study , such as persons , organizations , or anything else in the studyleadsto the selection bias
Therefore , because participants were not randomized the sample may not be representative of the populationcontributingto selection bias
convenience or limited sampling , ... ; non - representative sample and weak adaptation of instrument leading to social desirability biascould leadto selection bias
Any model selection methodcan causeselection bias
The retrospective nature of the majority of included studiesleadsto selection bias
the study population was hospital - basedleadsto selection bias
this study ... a retrospective analysismight leadto selection bias
by incomplete and potentially different participation rates of case and control volunteers(passive) caused byselection bias
Furthermore , the recruitment methods of cases and controls were differentmay have causedselection bias
Over time , the number of study participants decreasedmay have ledto selection bias
the selection procedure used(passive) is caused bySelection bias
the selection procedure used and is not due to the estimation method used(passive) is caused bySelection bias
losses to follow up and information bias caused by systematic misclassification of outcomes(passive) caused byselection bias
a retrospective design ... a single centercan leadto selection bias
retrospective studies ... analysismight leadto selection bias
retrospective studies for analysismight leadto selection bias
by the use of clinical instead of population samples(passive) caused bySelection bias
our study ... a single - centermight causeselection bias
the study ... a single centermay have causedselection bias
the outcome and conclusions of the studyto influencethe outcome and conclusions of the study
the resultsto influencethe results
an underestimation of riskto causean underestimation of risk
from site selection of patientsresultingfrom site selection of patients
results of these studiesmay have ... influencedresults of these studies
in patients at higher baseline risk ofmay have resultedin patients at higher baseline risk of
to some extentto have influencedto some extent
to the investigatorto have ledto the investigator
to differences in the patient populationsleadingto differences in the patient populations
the resultsmight have influencedthe results
resultsmay have influencedresults
from loss to follow - upresultingfrom loss to follow - up
in an overrepresentation of cases in the analysis sample relative to the general populationto resultin an overrepresentation of cases in the analysis sample relative to the general population
in time - invariant differences between both treatment groupsresultingin time - invariant differences between both treatment groups
to differences in patient characteristicsleadingto differences in patient characteristics
in patientsmay have resultedin patients
the general applicability of these findingsmay have influencedthe general applicability of these findings
the construction of the ICPs typologyto have influencedthe construction of the ICPs typology
downsizing effect on performance changeinfluencesdownsizing effect on performance change
those who had an injury experience to participate in the researchmay have promptedthose who had an injury experience to participate in the research
to lack of medication advantagecontributedto lack of medication advantage
apparent differences in survival in this trialmay causeapparent differences in survival in this trial
when the selection of subjects into a study or in a case - control study selection bias occurs when subjects for thecan resultwhen the selection of subjects into a study or in a case - control study selection bias occurs when subjects for the
to distortion of the observed effects in a study in relationship to the ' real ' effectmay leadto distortion of the observed effects in a study in relationship to the ' real ' effect
the results in genetic studies with small effect sizes of the risk allelesinfluencesthe results in genetic studies with small effect sizes of the risk alleles
to our findingscontributingto our findings
individual study resultsmay have influencedindividual study results
from using a population of individuals that are not representative of the population for which results and predictions are desiredresultsfrom using a population of individuals that are not representative of the population for which results and predictions are desired
to differences in outcomes among groupsmay contributeto differences in outcomes among groups
the effect(passive) to be caused bythe effect
when the procedures used to select a sample result in over representation or under representation of some significant aspect of the populationresultswhen the procedures used to select a sample result in over representation or under representation of some significant aspect of the population
to an underestimation of the treatment effect which influences generalizability of the resultsmay leadto an underestimation of the treatment effect which influences generalizability of the results
some members of a population to be less likely to be included than others , resulting in a biased samplecausessome members of a population to be less likely to be included than others , resulting in a biased sample
from the use of a subset of the overall study populationcan resultfrom the use of a subset of the overall study population
the results seen in this studymay also influencethe results seen in this study
the study resultsmay have influencedthe study results
to the study resultsmay have contributedto the study results
our study resultscould ... influenceour study results
the results of association studiescan influencethe results of association studies
from the selection and retention of the study populationresultsfrom the selection and retention of the study population