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Smart Reasoning:

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009(passive) was createdRace to the Top

to help America identify which states “ get ” the problem and are willing to step up to the plate and say : “ You know what(passive) is designedRace to the Top

a hard look at the impact of another key Obama initiative ... the School Improvement Grant program , which got $ 3 billion in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( the lawcreatedRace to the Top

adopting regional and global agreementsto preventraces to the bottom

people from the New Schools Venture Fund … a major nexus of charters and privatization and for - profit operations(passive) was designed byRace to the Top

through President Barack Obama ’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act as an incentive to states that are making strides in education reform , according to federal education officials(passive) was created more than a year agoRace to the Top

Maijoor Strengthen EU supervisory convergenceto preventrace to the bottom

the Obama Administrationhas createdRace to the Top

MalaysiaYahoo News Scottish independencecould sparkrace to the bottom

When Secretary of Education Arne Duncan inserted a half - page program description into the Stimulus Bill in early 2009 , few people except top Democratic leaders knewwould createRace to the Top

Jon Schnur , an education adviser to the Obama campaign who helpeddesignRace to the Top

the 2009 federal economic stimulus program(passive) was created byRace to the Top

the Obama Education Department to " advance their policy priorities(passive) was ... designed ... byRace to the Top

And Obama used $ 5 billion from the 2010 economic stimulus packageto create" Race to the Top

Obama ’s signature program to privatize education through withholding of funds to states that fail to establish an alternative charter system and transform teachers into temporary workers(passive) is setRace to the Top

as a program to get states to buy - in to a set of national standards that they likely otherwise would never have agreed to(passive) was designedRace to the Top

in Secretary Duncan ’s office with help from consultants from the Gates Foundation , The Broad Foundation , and other advocates of high - stakes testing and charter schools(passive) was designedRace to the Top

to push a wave of change in education making every state compete with each other to get federal grants in the center of a recession(passive) is createdRace to the Top

and safeguards were put in placeto prevent' races to the bottom

localismcreatesraces to the bottom

to address a chronic achievement gap that finds many low - income and minority students lagging far behind their white and more affluent classmates(passive) is designedRace to the Top

to be competitive for funding(passive) was designedRace to the Top

with the assumption that grant “ winners(passive) was designedRace to the Top

Those rules existto preventrace to the bottom

what was intendedcreatedRace to the Top

to help troubled schools(passive) is designedRace to the Top

a Democrat(passive) created byRace to the Top

to identify and punish teachers whose students perform poorly on tests(passive) is designedRace to the Top

the reasonscausingrace to the bottom

to encourage and reward states that are succeeding(passive) is designedRace To the Top

to entice states to adopt Common Core with money and NCLB waivers(passive) was designedRace to the Top

A novel ideato preventrace to the bottom on

The acute pressures on developing countries to attract investmentcan triggeracompetitive ‘ race to the bottom

the Department of Education to allegedly spur creative solutions to education problems at the state and local levels of government(passive) was created byRace to the Top

The doctrine of federal preemption ... a meansto preventraces to the bottom

some states ... to tryto preventraces to the bottom

Record low 2.99 per cent fixed home loan rateto triggerrace to the bottom

to encourage the use of innovative programs to improve student performance and transform struggling schools(passive) is designedRace to the Top

to encourage states to radically reform and improve the ways that they provide public education(passive) was designedRace to the Top

Majority of Haringey Council isleadingrace to bottom

over 40 states to raise their standards for teaching , learning , and student achievement ... and these standards were n’t developed in Washingtonhas ledover 40 states to raise their standards for teaching , learning , and student achievement ... and these standards were n’t developed in Washington

in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( ARRAwas createdin the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( ARRA

over 40 states to raise their standards for teaching and learning -- standards ... by the way ... that were developed not in Washington but by Republican and Democratic governors all across the countryhas ledover 40 states to raise their standards for teaching and learning -- standards ... by the way ... that were developed not in Washington but by Republican and Democratic governors all across the country

losing statescreatedlosing states

over forty stateshas influencedover forty states

48 statesprompted48 states

policymaking in all states ... regardless of their statusinfluencedpolicymaking in all states ... regardless of their status

to increased high - stakes standardized testing because increased high - stakes standardized testing requires states that win funds to evaluate teachers in part on student standardized test scoreshas ledto increased high - stakes standardized testing because increased high - stakes standardized testing requires states that win funds to evaluate teachers in part on student standardized test scores

more problems than more problems solvedcreatedmore problems than more problems solved

a competition among statescreateda competition among states

to encourage and reward statesdesignedto encourage and reward states

policymaking in all states ... regardless of Policy Adoptions 's statusinfluencedpolicymaking in all states ... regardless of Policy Adoptions 's status

new laws(passive) prompted bynew laws

the policy changes(passive) prompted bythe policy changes

up states in competition for federal moneysetup states in competition for federal money

to major progress that will improve student achievementhas already ledto major progress that will improve student achievement

states such as New York and California to allow for the expansion of chartersledstates such as New York and California to allow for the expansion of charters

dramatic changes ... and in only the second year of the program we ’re seeing those results reach the classroomhas sparkeddramatic changes ... and in only the second year of the program we ’re seeing those results reach the classroom

a lot of important conversations and actions in statessparkeda lot of important conversations and actions in states

a trend toward " accountability "(passive) prompted bya trend toward " accountability "

conflict within states , districts , and local unionshas causedconflict within states , districts , and local unions

to states adopting the Common Core State Standardsledto states adopting the Common Core State Standards

as much reform in some states that did n't receive funds as in those that didsparkedas much reform in some states that did n't receive funds as in those that did

out to provide more than $ 4 billion in grants to states that undertook ambitious education reformssetout to provide more than $ 4 billion in grants to states that undertook ambitious education reforms

all kinds of drama even worse than the NCLB legislation didis causingall kinds of drama even worse than the NCLB legislation did

reforms in 46 states around the country ... raising standards , improving how we train teachershas promptedreforms in 46 states around the country ... raising standards , improving how we train teachers

pressure on states , districts , and teachers to improve test scores as a means to earn or keep fundshas createdpressure on states , districts , and teachers to improve test scores as a means to earn or keep funds

states across the country to raise their standards for teaching and learninghas ledstates across the country to raise their standards for teaching and learning

states to focus more deeply on these issues and assemble plans to address themledstates to focus more deeply on these issues and assemble plans to address them

46 states to develop statewide education reform planshas ... sparked46 states to develop statewide education reform plans

to significant changes in our education systemhas ledto significant changes in our education system

high - profile winners and loserscreateshigh - profile winners and losers

a real opportunity ... but it will work only if all stakeholders come together to make it workcreatesa real opportunity ... but it will work only if all stakeholders come together to make it work

many states to make positive changes , including better standards , more effective and inclusive laws governing charter schools and comprehensive reform plans at the state and local levelshas promptedmany states to make positive changes , including better standards , more effective and inclusive laws governing charter schools and comprehensive reform plans at the state and local levels

a high bar for states to adopt sweeping education reforms ... and at least this time , New York State could n't clear that barsetsa high bar for states to adopt sweeping education reforms ... and at least this time , New York State could n't clear that bar

40 states to raise Americans 's standards for teaching and learninghas led40 states to raise Americans 's standards for teaching and learning

in major changes in education policy in the states that applied for the grant ... whether they walked away with $ 700 million or no money at allresultedin major changes in education policy in the states that applied for the grant ... whether they walked away with $ 700 million or no money at all

a wave of reforms across the countryhas sparkeda wave of reforms across the country

over 40 states ... that were developed not in Washington but by Republican and Democratic governors all across the countryhas ledover 40 states ... that were developed not in Washington but by Republican and Democratic governors all across the country

as much reform in some states that did n’t receive funds as in those that did - a trend we want to see continuesparkedas much reform in some states that did n’t receive funds as in those that did - a trend we want to see continue

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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