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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

how to respondwhen ... is discoveredpublication or research misconduct

by the warsaw(passive) caused bypublication Loss

Second , some studies with negative results may not be publishedcould causepublication bias

by the fact that small studies with positive results are more likely to be published than those with negative results(passive) caused bypublication bias

by lack of publication of studies with negative results(passive) caused bypublication bias

from the study(passive) may be resultedPublication bias

by duplication of study results(passive) caused bypublication bias

by multiple publication , selective publication , and selective reporting in studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies(passive) caused bypublication bias

also(passive) is ... causedPublication bias

by the under - reporting of negative results in the scientific literature(passive) caused bypublication bias

selective publication of some data and suppression of other data(passive) caused bypublication bias

by insufficient unpublished data(passive) caused bypublication bias

studies with negative results or small sample sizecan causepublication bias

the risk of missing publicationsmight causepublication bias

effects that yield non - significant p - values(passive) caused bypublication bias

research with positive results ... negative resultscould causepublication bias

Chinesemay causepublication bias

Other variablesinfluencingpublication bias

by referees and journal editors(passive) is caused bypublication bias

negative resultscausedpublication bias

significance levelsmay have causedpublication bias

Asian populationsmay causepublication bias

the tendency of reviewers and Editors to reject manuscripts with negative results for publication(passive) may also be caused byPublication bias

effects that are strongly ( perhaps even significantly(passive) caused bypublication bias

that personhas ... causedthe wrongful publication

by FBI agents(passive) to have been influenced byfindings of misconduct

companiesdiscoverFCPA related misconduct

by industrial disruption(passive) caused byerratic publication

an investigationdiscoveredacademic misconduct

a second video in Augustpromptedaccusations of misconduct

What other behavioursmight causeacademic misconduct

Many individualshave causedpublication of defamatory

by the explosion of news(passive) caused byacademic misconduct

often(passive) can ... be discoveredOfficial misconduct

the MonitordiscoversActual Misconduct

that nowadays we?re more likelyto discoverofficial misconduct

that nowadays were more likelyto discoverofficial misconduct

during an internal audit(passive) was discoveredalleged misconduct

the factorscan causecyberethical misconduct

most cases ... the convictionswhere ... was discoveredprosecutorial misconduct

the company to falsely report millions of dollars in excess revenue in 2007 and 2008causedthe company to falsely report millions of dollars in excess revenue in 2007 and 2008

to misleading results Check publication biascan leadto misleading results Check publication bias

overly optimistic effect estimates ... including more positive studiescausesoverly optimistic effect estimates ... including more positive studies

to bias in systematic reviewscan leadto bias in systematic reviews

our resultsmay have influencedour results

the resultsmay have influencedthe results

the resultsmay have influencedthe results

The results(passive) might be influenced byThe results

our resultsinfluencedour results

our resultsmight ... influenceour results

the available evidencemay have influencedthe available evidence

the reporting of such events between the two drugsmight have influencedthe reporting of such events between the two drugs

the results from former publicationshas influencedthe results from former publications

in limited system - related interventionsmight have resultedin limited system - related interventions

to the publication of a disproportionate number of positive resultscan leadto the publication of a disproportionate number of positive results

dissemination of both replication studies and original studiesmay influencedissemination of both replication studies and original studies

if presentmay have ledif present

to a general over - estimation of both p - values and effect sizesleadsto a general over - estimation of both p - values and effect sizes

systematic reviewsmay leadsystematic reviews

the validity of the estimatesmight influencethe validity of the estimates

to an over - representation of lower p valuesleadingto an over - representation of lower p values

to the disappearance of negative studiesmight have ledto the disappearance of negative studies

overly optimistic effect estimatescausesoverly optimistic effect estimates

not at the moment of selection of articles by journal editors , but previouslyis setnot at the moment of selection of articles by journal editors , but previously

thereforemay leadtherefore

howeverwas discoveredhowever

to inflated estimation effect sizes [ 2leadsto inflated estimation effect sizes [ 2

to a false conclusion being drawn as to the association between air pollution and a health outcomecould leadto a false conclusion being drawn as to the association between air pollution and a health outcome

the results ... Figure 3was ... influencingthe results ... Figure 3

to the differences observed between ethnic populationshas contributedto the differences observed between ethnic populations

scientists to write more about the positive results they findcan leadscientists to write more about the positive results they find

in a falsely positive impressionmay resultin a falsely positive impression

interventions to appear more useful than they really arecausesinterventions to appear more useful than they really are

to a reported overestimate of vaccine response among persons with diabeteswould leadto a reported overestimate of vaccine response among persons with diabetes

from the exclusion of some unpublished trialsresultingfrom the exclusion of some unpublished trials

results as demonstrated by the ... asymmetry of the funnel plotmay ... influenceresults as demonstrated by the ... asymmetry of the funnel plot

to missing data or " negative " trialsleadingto missing data or " negative " trials

This excess(passive) could be caused byThis excess

to the loss of unpublished data from 14 % of animal stroke experimentshas ledto the loss of unpublished data from 14 % of animal stroke experiments

to the canonization of " false factsleadingto the canonization of " false facts

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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