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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

Studies with negative results were likely unpublishedleadingto publication bias

In addition , studies with negative results may not be publishedmay causepotential publication bias

Finally , studies with negative results may not be publishedcan causepotential publication bias

Furthermore , some studies with negative results might not have been publishedwould causeunavoidable publication bias

studies with positive results ... negative resultsmay leadto publication bias

as negative results are often not publishedresultingin publication bias

the various factorscontributeto publication bias

Finally , small studies with negative results may not be publishedresultingin publication bias

In addition , certain studies with negative results may not have been reportedmay have resultedin publication bias

positive results rather than negative resultsmight causepotential publication bias

lack of access to unpublished study results data.(Research article(passive) caused byPotential publication bias

The incentivescontributeto publication bias

to publish studies with positive results instead of negative resultsresultingin publication bias

the under - reporting of negative results in the scientific literature(passive) caused bypublication bias

First , some studies reporting negative results may not be publishedresultsin publication bias

the key factorsleadingto publication bias

Investigations of FactorsLeadingto Publication Bias

the main factorscan contributeto publication bias

several factorsinfluencepublication bias

The fact that studies may or may not report negative resultsmay resultin publication bias

whereby only studies producing positive results are more likely to be published.[36(passive) can be preventedPublication bias

that studies with negative results , which showed no trend in favour of either intervention , may remain unpublishedleadingto publication bias

Withholding of “ negative ” results of a study by industry sponsors or researcherscan resultin publication bias

eligible studies ... those published in Englishmight have causedpublication bias

the tendency for drug companies to publish positive results but not negative results(passive) caused bypublication bias

Relevant studies with inconclusive or negative results may remain unpublishedcreatinga publication bias

where grey literature and studies with minimal or negative results may not have been includedresultingin publication bias

24].Study funding patterns ... independent factorsinfluencethe publication bias

a lot of negative results never see the light of dayleadingto publication bias

the reluctance to publish negative results , which precludes a great amount of relevant data highly needed to reject type I errors ( i.e. false positives ) from getting published(passive) caused bya publication bias

disregarding negative results in preclinical studies ( Katz et al . , 2012(passive) caused bypublication bias

We might have missed relevant unpublished trials , which are more likely to be small studies without positive resultsleadingto publication bias

something also helpspreventpublication bias

First , exclusion of conference abstracts , letters to the editors and non - English language studiesmay have ledto publication bias

First , the exclusion of conference abstracts , letters to the editor , and non - English - language studiesmay have ledto publication bias

the positive results of the studyleadsto publication bias

the tendency of reviewers and Editors to reject manuscripts with negative results for publication(passive) may also be caused byPublication bias

Only studies published in English ... our meta - analysismay have ledto publication bias

Only studies published in the English language were includedmay have ledto publication bias

lack of access to unpublished study results data Peinemann , Frank | McGauran , Natalie | Sauerland , Stefan | Lange , Stefan(passive) caused byPotential publication bias

the pooled results(passive) were influenced bythe pooled results

the results of our review.42could also influencethe results of our review.42

The results of this meta - analysis(passive) may be influenced byThe results of this meta - analysis

to misleading resultscan leadto misleading results

the results of this papermight influencethe results of this paper

our combined results(passive) may be influenced byour combined results

to incorrect resultsleadsto incorrect results

the results of the analysismight influencethe results of the analysis

the results ( 83influencedthe results ( 83

the observed results or notinfluencedthe observed results or not

our results lightlyinfluencedour results lightly

SOD results(passive) may have been influenced bySOD results

results as demonstrated by the asymmetry of the funnel plot ... figure 3may ... influenceresults as demonstrated by the asymmetry of the funnel plot ... figure 3

too many significant resultscreatedtoo many significant results

the observed aggregated resultsinfluencedthe observed aggregated results

in under - representation of negative resultshas resultedin under - representation of negative results

our pooled meta - analysis results(passive) to be severely influenced byour pooled meta - analysis results

the present findingshas ... influencedthe present findings

completely opposite results(passive) caused bycompletely opposite results

the results [ 23 , 44may have influencedthe results [ 23 , 44

to these results.60 Secondcould contributeto these results.60 Second

the results for female physiciansinfluencedthe results for female physicians

the results of this review of English - language - only studiesmight have influencedthe results of this review of English - language - only studies

to the over - reporting of significant results.[18 ... Despite thismay be leadingto the over - reporting of significant results.[18 ... Despite this

from the publishing of only positive results of trialsresultingfrom the publishing of only positive results of trials

from non - publication of negative resultsresultsfrom non - publication of negative results

an excessive number of significant results(passive) is caused byan excessive number of significant results

to an inflation in the percentage of significant resultswill leadto an inflation in the percentage of significant results

the results from former publications [ 9has influencedthe results from former publications [ 9

overestimation of the results from the true treatmentcausedoverestimation of the results from the true treatment

to unfavourable results not being published differentiallyleadsto unfavourable results not being published differentially

positive results to become exaggeratedcan causepositive results to become exaggerated

to missing ‘ negatives ’ in the published resultsleadingto missing ‘ negatives ’ in the published results

to under - reporting of studies with small resultsleadingto under - reporting of studies with small results

from the omission of extreme or unlikely resultsresultingfrom the omission of extreme or unlikely results

a higher ES due to unpublished results of null findingscausinga higher ES due to unpublished results of null findings

conclusions.38Economic interpretation of the meta - analysis resultscould have influencedconclusions.38Economic interpretation of the meta - analysis results

to the censoring of studies with non - significant resultsleadsto the censoring of studies with non - significant results

to an overestimation of treatment effectleadsto an overestimation of treatment effect

in only significant results being published and/or being published earlierresultingin only significant results being published and/or being published earlier

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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