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BDNF ( Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor(passive) caused bybrainstem neurons
by MPTP(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by alpha - synuclein(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
several neurotransmitter systemsinfluencingdopaminergic neurons
the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
LPS in vivo(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by the abnormal aggregation of(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
in particularinfluencingdopaminergic neurons
by the administration of lipopolysaccharide ( LPS(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by rotenone(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by ethanol(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by agents(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by this pesticide(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
10 nM ghrelin ( 33/95 , 35 % depolarized ; 29/95 , 30 % hyperpolarized(passive) influenced byPVN neurons
by HD(passive) caused bystriatal neurons
by the abnormal deposition of a Lewy body(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
6-OHDA ( P < 0.0001(passive) caused bydopaminergic neurons
by global ischemia(passive) caused byCA1 neurons
inside the hypothalamus(passive) can be discoveredOrexin neurons
Oxytocincausesinhibitory neurons
to respond to different stimuli(passive) are designedAfferent neurons
in the peripheral nervous system(passive) were discoveredNeuroendocrine neurons
scar tissue in the parasympathetic nervous system(passive) caused byinhibitory neurons
These findingsdiscoverGABAergic neurons
Scientistsdiscoveredhypocretin neurons
of anatomically and functionally heterogeneous subpopulations(passive) are composedOrexin neurons
by activation of the neuronal N - methyl - D - aspartate type of glutamate receptors(passive) caused byneurons
by an abnormal accumulation of proteins in the brain(passive) caused byneurons
amyloid beta plaques in the brain cortex and hippocampus(passive) caused byneurons
persistent and excessive stimulation of the glutamate receptors that results in a large amount of calcium entering the cell(passive) caused byneurons
excess glutamate , the most abundant neurotransmitter in the braincan causeneurons
how excess glutamate , the most abundant neurotransmitter in the braincan causeneurons
neurotransmitters like glutamate(passive) caused byneurons
by excessive neural activity(passive) is causedneurons
Dopamine ( an excitatory neurotransmittercausesneurons
excitotoxicity or over - excitation of glutamate receptors(passive) caused byneurons
cells which communicate using chemicals called neurotransmitters(passive) are specially designedNeurons
cells that communicate using chemicals called neurotransmitters(passive) are specially designedNeurons
the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate(passive) caused byneurons
Loss of dopaminecausesneurons
by connect - ability testresultingby connect - ability test
to the encoding of several motor parameterscontributeto the encoding of several motor parameters
to neuronal deathmay leadto neuronal death
in decreased level of dopamine in the brainresultsin decreased level of dopamine in the brain
an increased dopamine releasecausingan increased dopamine release
to the classic PD motor symptomsleadingto the classic PD motor symptoms
motor activity , emotional behavior , and cognitioninfluencemotor activity , emotional behavior , and cognition
All of these cells(passive) are influenced byAll of these cells
to the symptoms of PDleadingto the symptoms of PD
in increased alertnessresultsin increased alertness
to the emergence of the classic PD motor symptoms later in lifeleadingto the emergence of the classic PD motor symptoms later in life
from the VTA area of neuronsoriginatedfrom the VTA area of neurons
to decreased activity of the excitatory pathwayleadingto decreased activity of the excitatory pathway
in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and project to the basal ganglia or striatumoriginatein the substantia nigra of the midbrain and project to the basal ganglia or striatum
to the motor symptoms of Parkinsonscontributeto the motor symptoms of Parkinsons
energy homeostasisto influenceenergy homeostasis
to PD developmentleadingto PD development
in the ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) andoriginatein the ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) and
from the ventral tegmental area ( VTAoriginatingfrom the ventral tegmental area ( VTA
in the ventral tegmental area ( VTAoriginatein the ventral tegmental area ( VTA
dysfunction in movementcausesdysfunction in movement
to their degeneration in PDleadingto their degeneration in PD
in a range of motor deficitsresultingin a range of motor deficits
in the ventral tegmental areaoriginatingin the ventral tegmental area
from the Ventral Tegmental Areaoriginatingfrom the Ventral Tegmental Area
to the decline of motor coordinationleadingto the decline of motor coordination
to progressive gait dysfunctionleadingto progressive gait dysfunction
to PD , mood , motivation , sleep and autonomic symptomsleadingto PD , mood , motivation , sleep and autonomic symptoms
Parkinson disease(passive) is caused byParkinson disease
in the clinical occurrence of a dopaminergic disorder such as PDresultingin the clinical occurrence of a dopaminergic disorder such as PD
to death of the cellsleadingto death of the cells
in muscle tremors and rigidityresultingin muscle tremors and rigidity
in the VTA or substantia nigraoriginatingin the VTA or substantia nigra
in the diseaseresultingin the disease
to PD development and an increased ratio [ DOPAL]:[DAleadingto PD development and an increased ratio [ DOPAL]:[DA
brain dysfunction and an imbalance of chemicals in the braincausesbrain dysfunction and an imbalance of chemicals in the brain
in PD pathogenesisresultingin PD pathogenesis
in dopaminergic depletion in the nigrostriatal pathwayresultingin dopaminergic depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway
to slowing of the movements , tremors , rigidityleadsto slowing of the movements , tremors , rigidity
loss of dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylasecausingloss of dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase