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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

a Park biologist ’s important to report nests as quickly as possibleto preventnest predation

a combination of many avian , mammalian , and reptile species rates of nest predation(passive) can be caused byNest predation

Noisecan influencenest predation

to monitor them as intensely as we do natural neststo preventnest predation

how nest concealment is affected by vegetation structure , which may vary between breeding sites(passive) may be influenced byNest predation

approaching predatorsto preventnest predation

wire mesh exclosures should be placed around neststo preventnest predation

High levels ofinfluencenest predation

imported red fire ants(passive) caused bynest predation

avian predators(passive) caused bynest predation

specific mechanismsinfluencingnest predation

rodents , mustelids and Great Spotted Woodpecker(passive) caused bynest predation

red squirrel density but not nest concealment(passive) was ... influenced bynest predation

both edge and landscape effects(passive) is influenced byNest predation

pigs(passive) caused bynest predation

corvids with predation intensity proportional to their local abundance(passive) was caused byNest predation

the amount of cover surrounding the nest ( Gregg et al . 1994(passive) is influenced byNest predation

switches in harem status of females between the time of settling and when nestling feeding occurs that on average decrease the relative difference in reproductive success of females settling as primary and secondary ( Bensch and Hasselquist 1991amay causeswitches in harem status of females between the time of settling and when nestling feeding occurs that on average decrease the relative difference in reproductive success of females settling as primary and secondary ( Bensch and Hasselquist 1991a

habitat selectionmay influencehabitat selection

from recreational use of the heathsresultingfrom recreational use of the heaths

nest successmay influencenest success

from variable predator distributionresultingfrom variable predator distribution

subsequent population sizes The evidence of a number of key recent reviews is not considered in the conclusions reachedinfluencessubsequent population sizes The evidence of a number of key recent reviews is not considered in the conclusions reached

likelycontributedlikely

population dynamics of birdsmay influencepopulation dynamics of birds

In the Argentinean pampas(passive) are caused byIn the Argentinean pampas

reproductive effort in a way previously not demonstrated ... by placing a constraint on parental activity at the nestcan influencereproductive effort in a way previously not demonstrated ... by placing a constraint on parental activity at the nest

to fewer hatchlings every seasonleadingto fewer hatchlings every season

to the evolution of the current clutch size of kingbirds lack ’shas contributedto the evolution of the current clutch size of kingbirds lack ’s

from habitat fragmentation considered short - term population threatresultingfrom habitat fragmentation considered short - term population threat

recruitment rates and thus may sway the population's recovery or demiseinfluencesrecruitment rates and thus may sway the population's recovery or demise

Much of this decline(passive) is caused byMuch of this decline

evolution of fledging age and growth rates of offspring with consequences for relative development when young fledge , which thereby influences locomotor performance and fledgling mortalityinfluencesevolution of fledging age and growth rates of offspring with consequences for relative development when young fledge , which thereby influences locomotor performance and fledgling mortality

fromrazing intensity on marginal grasslands ( Chamberlain03resultingfromrazing intensity on marginal grasslands ( Chamberlain03

to these declines ( Basore et al . 1986may contributeto these declines ( Basore et al . 1986

on average 72 % of total nest failure , similar to other tropical , subtropical , and temperate areascausedon average 72 % of total nest failure , similar to other tropical , subtropical , and temperate areas

variation in female brightness that can contribute to variation in sexual dichromatism independent of malesmay causevariation in female brightness that can contribute to variation in sexual dichromatism independent of males

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