to apparent predation riskleadsto apparent predation risk

The strange quality of inversions(passive) caused byThe strange quality of inversions

in the exclusion of one of the two competitorsgenerally resultsin the exclusion of one of the two competitors

companies in difficulties from leaving the market necessarily distorts competitionto preventcompanies in difficulties from leaving the market necessarily distorts competition

their competition from accessing the resource , often through physical violencepreventtheir competition from accessing the resource , often through physical violence

either to peaceful coexistence between species , or competitive exclusion of the losing speciescan leadeither to peaceful coexistence between species , or competitive exclusion of the losing species

a reduction in resource use independent of the resource levels [ 19causesa reduction in resource use independent of the resource levels [ 19

profoundlycan ... influenceprofoundly

from the excretion of antibiotic compounds and the resource competitive effects caused by the associated metabolic costsresultingfrom the excretion of antibiotic compounds and the resource competitive effects caused by the associated metabolic costs

directlyresultsdirectly

Variations in recruitment(passive) were influenced byVariations in recruitment

other organisms from using the resource of the two mechanismspreventsother organisms from using the resource of the two mechanisms

limitssetlimits

in lower virulencemay resultin lower virulence

a non - linear disparity between size and resource ... which has been shown to favor the evolution of larger offspring , with more developed weapons10can createa non - linear disparity between size and resource ... which has been shown to favor the evolution of larger offspring , with more developed weapons10

when an individual of a dominant species causes direct harm to another individual via physical , chemical , or behavioral mechanismsresultswhen an individual of a dominant species causes direct harm to another individual via physical , chemical , or behavioral mechanisms

to a tragedy of the commons in which individuals driven by self‐interest reduce the fitness of the entire groupmay leadto a tragedy of the commons in which individuals driven by self‐interest reduce the fitness of the entire group

in : better quality goods and services at a lower price in the U.s . , who determines thorugh purchasesresultsin : better quality goods and services at a lower price in the U.s . , who determines thorugh purchases

large numbers of wasp foundresses from laying eggs efficiently ... which preserves fig seedspreventslarge numbers of wasp foundresses from laying eggs efficiently ... which preserves fig seeds

from high densities of total cladocerans under unfavourable environmental factors such as high turbidityresultingfrom high densities of total cladocerans under unfavourable environmental factors such as high turbidity

a density dependent reduction in larval growth ratescauseda density dependent reduction in larval growth rates

to insufficient nutrient acquisitionleadingto insufficient nutrient acquisition

from “ more fundamental ” trophic competition ... norresultsfrom “ more fundamental ” trophic competition ... nor