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A variety of reasons exists for carbon dioxide not being expelled completely when the diver exhales : The diver is exhaling into a vessel that does not allow all the CO2 to escape to the environment , such as a long snorkel , full - face diving mask , or diving helmet , and the diver then reinhales from that vesselcausingincreased dead space
PEEP(passive) caused byincreased anatomical dead space
This featureresultsfrom both increased anatomical dead space
where air inhaled does not come into contact with the alveoli for gas exchange(passive) is created hereAnatomical dead space
Dilatation of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts ( ductectasialeadsto increase in anatomical dead space
Other segments of the lungs may be overventilated relative to perfusioncausingincreased physiologic dead space
reduced efficacy of aerodynamic valving(passive) caused byincreased physiologic dead space ,
theairway adapter(passive) created byincreased dead space
hypovolemia , PE or decreased CO(passive) may be caused byIncreased physiologic dead space
the inhalation tube ... the connectorcan causeincreased dead space
not all the air reaching the alveoli but remains in the larger airways(passive) is caused byanatomical dead space
V / Q inhomogeneitycausesincreased physiologic dead space
air trapping and alveolar distention(passive) caused byincreased dead space
an anatomical issue(passive) caused byanatomical dead space (
a lack of blood flow(passive) caused byincreased dead space
ARDSdoes ... causeincreased dead space
3 4 PCO , plasma bicarbonateresultingfrom the anatomical dead space
hypoperfusion(passive) caused byincreased dead space
The conductive airways ... are thus saidto composethe anatomical dead space
in rebreathingresultsin rebreathing
in decreasing perfusion relative to ventilationresultedin decreasing perfusion relative to ventilation
breath volume ( actually alveolar ventilation volume ) to decrease when breathing rate increasescausesbreath volume ( actually alveolar ventilation volume ) to decrease when breathing rate increases
decreased minute alveolar ventilation ( VA ; alveolar ventilation ( VA ) × respiratory rate ) in well - ventilated infants with hypercapniacauseddecreased minute alveolar ventilation ( VA ; alveolar ventilation ( VA ) × respiratory rate ) in well - ventilated infants with hypercapnia
Hypercapnic respiratory failure ( Ventilatory failure ) ... increased CO2 production , or decreased alveolar ventilation Acute vs Chronic(passive) can be caused byHypercapnic respiratory failure ( Ventilatory failure ) ... increased CO2 production , or decreased alveolar ventilation Acute vs Chronic
to constraints of increasing overall breathing by increasing breathing rateleadsto constraints of increasing overall breathing by increasing breathing rate
from the endotracheal intubationresultingfrom the endotracheal intubation
in an increase of arterial carbon dioxide associated with a poor outcomeresultingin an increase of arterial carbon dioxide associated with a poor outcome
V МQ М related hypoxemia ( Volume 2 , Chapter 2may causeV МQ М related hypoxemia ( Volume 2 , Chapter 2
to both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.4can leadto both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.4