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the connection of citieshas ledto the formation of large urban heat island
roads and buildings that retain heat with increases in local temperatures relative to nearby less - developed areas(passive) is caused byThe urban heat island effect
by high urban population Data(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by the fact that roads and buildings heat up their surroundings(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
The Urban Heat Island Phenomenon Lack of sufficient wind , change in thermal properties of the surface materials and lack of evapotranspiration rate in urban areascausethe urban heat island effect
by an increasing urban land surface(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by artificial surfaces like concrete and asphalt that store heat(passive) is caused bythe urban heat island effect
by the concentration of dark surfaces like roads and roofs(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by high urban population(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by high urban population (passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
the design of citiesinfluencesthe urban heat island effect
+ --design of citiesinfluencesthe urban heat island effect
the Design of Citiescan Influencethe Urban Heat Island Effect
Design of CitiesInfluencesthe Urban Heat Island Effect
roof heatcausesthe " urban heat island effect
by reflected heat from buildings and roads(passive) caused bythe urban " heat island " effect
the local climatecausingthe urban heat island effect
by the absorption of solar heat(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by dense high - rises in the area(passive) caused byThe urban heat island effect
other factorscan influencethe urban heat island effect
The factorsinfluencingthe urban heat island effect
Waste heatcan influencethe urban heat island effect
by asphalt and concrete buildings(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
The changes of underlying surfacecausethe urban heat island effect
buildings , sidewalks , paved roads , and other non - natural surfaces that limit the amount of land covered with vegetation like grass and trees(passive) is caused byThe urban heat island effect
replacing plants and other natural features with heat - trapping concrete and asphalt(passive) is caused byThe " urban heat island " effect
cities being builtcausingthe urban heat island effect
The lower fraction of vegetation and the higher area of sealed surfaces in citiescausethe urban heat island effect
since we knowcausesthe urban heat island effect
the most important material propertycontributesto urban heat island formation
the re - radiation of heat from traditional building materials(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
to studyinfluencesthe urban heat island effect
by metal , asphalt and concrete(passive) is causedthe urban heat island effect
the daycausingthe urban heat island effect
buildings(passive) is caused byThe urban heat - island effect
by miles of concrete and lack of vegetation(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by so much concrete in the hot summer sun(passive) caused bythe urban heat island effect
by dark surfaces like roofs and paving(passive) is caused bythe urban heat island effect
by dark surfaces like roofs and paving(passive) is causedthe urban heat island effect
trees and ground with asphaltcausesthe urban heat island effect
urban - farming , vertical city Climate changecould leadurban - farming , vertical city Climate change
more warming when temperature is low ... so the greater rate of warming of T - min as compared to T - max could be due to , or partly due to , the urban heat island effectcausesmore warming when temperature is low ... so the greater rate of warming of T - min as compared to T - max could be due to , or partly due to , the urban heat island effect
temperatures in the city to rise as much 10 C compared withcausestemperatures in the city to rise as much 10 C compared with
temperatures in the city to rise as much 10 Ccausestemperatures in the city to rise as much 10 C
in higher cooling costs in summerresultsin higher cooling costs in summer
to an increase in cooling costsleadsto an increase in cooling costs
in higher cooling costsresultsin higher cooling costs
problems with the other temperature recordshad ... causedproblems with the other temperature records
in summer discomfort among nearby residentsresultingin summer discomfort among nearby residents
cities to run warmer than surrounding rural areas , especially at nightcausescities to run warmer than surrounding rural areas , especially at night
ambient temperatures in cities to be higher than in nearby rural areascausesambient temperatures in cities to be higher than in nearby rural areas
people in citiescausespeople in cities
temperatures on summer nights to be considerably warmer than nearby areascausestemperatures on summer nights to be considerably warmer than nearby areas
to more than one degree heatinghas leadto more than one degree heating
night temperatures and the location of the Surface Stationsinfluencesnight temperatures and the location of the Surface Stations
a warm temperature bias in the surface datacausesa warm temperature bias in the surface data
Increasing temperatures(passive) are caused byIncreasing temperatures
to increased >leadsto increased >
very little to overall atmospheric warmingcontributesvery little to overall atmospheric warming
alsocontributedalso
alsocontributesalso
alsocan ... contributealso
The increasing temperature records(passive) are caused byThe increasing temperature records
to increased rainfallmay leadto increased rainfall
to increased rainfallleadsto increased rainfall
heat absorbed during the daycausesheat absorbed during the day
cities to be hotter than surrounding areas with more natural land surfacecausescities to be hotter than surrounding areas with more natural land surface
errors ... as wellcauseserrors ... as well
to climate warming by about 30 %contributesto climate warming by about 30 %
to the urban siteledto the urban site
in an increase in rainfall over urban areashas resultedin an increase in rainfall over urban areas
in partcausedin part
the climate to warmis causingthe climate to warm
when urban surfaces heat up much faster than rural landresultswhen urban surfaces heat up much faster than rural land
temperatures incausestemperatures in
in increased rainfall over urban areasresultsin increased rainfall over urban areas
to levels of urban air pollutioncan contributeto levels of urban air pollution
to greater rainfallleadsto greater rainfall
wave effectsmight causewave effects
people in cities to suffer from higher temperatures simply because of where they livecausespeople in cities to suffer from higher temperatures simply because of where they live