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The above - average increase in inflation under fixed exchange rate regimeleadsto real exchange rate appreciation
high capital inflowsresultin real exchange - rate appreciation
by capital inflows , such as aid(passive) caused byreal exchange rate appreciation
short - term capital inflowshave ledto real exchange rate appreciation
that a rise in relative traded goods productivity causes a rise in the relative price of non - traded to traded goods ( when compared across countriesleadingto a real exchange rate appreciation
All factorsdo ... leadto real exchange rate appreciation
an increase in foreign money supplywould causeappreciation in real exchange rate
Exchange Rates Increasing inflation in Chinacausesa real exchange rate appreciation
by aid inflows(passive) caused bythe real exchange rate appreciation
aid inflows(passive) being caused byreal exchange rate appreciation
aid inflowscausea real exchange rate appreciation
a rise in the relative price of nontradableswill leadto real exchange rate appreciation
by the appreciation of the euro(passive) caused bythe real exchange rate appreciation
the appreciation of the euro(passive) caused bythe real exchange rate appreciation
the increases in non - tradable pricescausethe real exchange rate appreciation
a fiscal expansionwill leadto a real exchange rate appreciation
the countrywould leadto real exchange rate appreciation
Increased public consumption following the boomcauseda real exchange rate appreciation
in turnleadsto real exchange rate appreciation
exchange - rate - based stabilization programsleadto real exchange - rate appreciation
to maintain exchange rate nearly fixed , while domestic inflation increases ( higher than inflation in the United Statethus leadingto real exchange rate appreciation
This movementwould also have contributedto real exchange rate appreciation
A rise in Home traded productivityshould leadto real exchange rate appreciation
With the price of tradables being exogenous to the system , the price of non - tradables is driven upcausesreal exchange rate appreciation
matters worseleadsto real exchange rate appreciation
The worldwide financial crisisresultedin real exchange rate appreciation
by the exploitation of the resource(passive) caused byreal exchange rate appreciation
government expenditure directed towards infrastructure and productivity enhancement in the traded sectorleadsto real exchange rate appreciation
which in turn may put pressure on nontradable prices and interest ratesleadingto real exchange rate appreciation
spending effects ... , and resource movement effects that favor the nontradable sector at the expense of tradable goods productionmay leadto real exchange rate appreciation
by the market forces of demand and supply(passive) is set byexchange rate rate
Foreign capitalleadsto exchange rate appreciation ( overvaluation
All these restrictionsresultin foreign exchange rate appreciation
The most important onesinfluencingexchange rate of AUDNZD
by the central bank(passive) caused byRMB exchange rate appreciation
An increase in the domestic interest rate relative to the foreign interest rate ... foreign capitalresultin the exchange rate appreciation
increase in interest rate ... demand for domestic currencyresultsin exchange rate appreciation
large foreign exchange inflowscausingexchange rate appreciation
domestic interest rate ... capital inflowleadsto exchange rate appreciation
An increase in domestic interest rates relative to those abroadwill leadto exchange rate appreciation
from rising domestic resource costsoriginatesfrom rising domestic resource costs
from large capital inflowscould ... resultfrom large capital inflows
from large capital inflowscan also resultfrom large capital inflows
other economic sectors(passive) caused byother economic sectors
a deterioration of competitiveness in both the export and the import competing sectors ... and this may cause a decline in investmentcausesa deterioration of competitiveness in both the export and the import competing sectors ... and this may cause a decline in investment
in stagnation in exportsresultedin stagnation in exports
a slower growth of real GDP because of a fall in netcausesa slower growth of real GDP because of a fall in net
in loss of competitivenessmay resultin loss of competitiveness
in loss of competitiveness for a countrymay resultin loss of competitiveness for a country
from the 1960s natural gas discoveries in the Netherlandsresultingfrom the 1960s natural gas discoveries in the Netherlands
foreign exchange reserves to swell , increasing the cost to policy - makers of allowing an appreciation and , therefore , lowering the likelihood of the fixed exchange rate being abandonedwill causeforeign exchange reserves to swell , increasing the cost to policy - makers of allowing an appreciation and , therefore , lowering the likelihood of the fixed exchange rate being abandoned
to any changeshould leadto any change
from " brutal " gyrations in the currency marketsresultingfrom " brutal " gyrations in the currency markets
in a loss of trade competitivenesscould resultin a loss of trade competitiveness
net exports to fallwill causenet exports to fall
to a decline in exportswill leadto a decline in exports
exports and investment(passive) caused byexports and investment
to lower CPI inflationcould ... leadto lower CPI inflation
to reduction in competitivenessledto reduction in competitiveness
to a fallshould leadto a fall
output to contract because of other factors such as contraction of aggregate demandcan causeoutput to contract because of other factors such as contraction of aggregate demand
a slower growth low forex rate real GDPcausesa slower growth low forex rate real GDP
export(passive) caused byexport
a slower growth of real GDPcausesa slower growth of real GDP
a price increase of domestic goods with respect to the foreign produced onesmight causea price increase of domestic goods with respect to the foreign produced ones
Instability(passive) is caused byInstability
Net eXports to fall which causes the IS curve to shift left again to where it startedcausesNet eXports to fall which causes the IS curve to shift left again to where it started
to economic vulnerabilityvery likely contributingto economic vulnerability
to higher wagesledto higher wages
a slower growth of real Gross Domestic Product ( GDPcausesa slower growth of real Gross Domestic Product ( GDP
in loss of competitiveness for a country , possibly leading to an increase in protectionism , which in turn could promote a round of beggar - thy - neighbor devaluationsmay resultin loss of competitiveness for a country , possibly leading to an increase in protectionism , which in turn could promote a round of beggar - thy - neighbor devaluations
capital lossmay causecapital loss
to a substantial rise in real cost of borrowingledto a substantial rise in real cost of borrowing
domestic inflation and monetary policy ... therefore focus oncan influencedomestic inflation and monetary policy ... therefore focus on
to inflationwill ... leadto inflation
to more inflationleadingto more inflation
to a more market - determined exchange rate on the long runwill contributeto a more market - determined exchange rate on the long run
importantly export growth , consumption , resource allocation , employment and private and foreign investmentscan influenceimportantly export growth , consumption , resource allocation , employment and private and foreign investments
domestic inflation and monetary policy ... therefore focus on exchange rate pass - through becomes essentialcan influencedomestic inflation and monetary policy ... therefore focus on exchange rate pass - through becomes essential
future exportsleadfuture exports