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only elk densityinfluencedwolf encounter rate of elk ... despite tests of season ... snow depth , elk - group density , mean - elk group size , wolf - pack size and territory size
more strongly(passive) are ... influencedpredation between wolves and elk
landscape than proximity to one another(passive) were ... influenced bypredation patterns between elk and wolves
winter severityinfluencedwolf / elk relationships more than the naivete of the elk herd to predation by wolves
habitat type(passive) were ... influenced byelk group sizes
factorsmight influencethe strength of elk antipredator behavior in response to wolves
herbivoryresultingfrom reduced predation pressure by wolves on elk
orderto preventpredation by wolves
avoided the townsite of Banffresultingin differential predation by wolves on elk [ 31][40][41
its desireto preventgray wolves from being used to control RMNP 's elk population
the elk from grazing and destroying all the aspen in the areapreventsthe elk from grazing and destroying all the aspen in the area
these populations to relocate , thereby reducing grazing on willow trees which beavers need to survivecausingthese populations to relocate , thereby reducing grazing on willow trees which beavers need to survive
to fights as wolves jostled for their place in the “ packledto fights as wolves jostled for their place in the “ pack
to more aspen and willow trees in the park , a good outcome for moose , smaller mammals and birdshas ledto more aspen and willow trees in the park , a good outcome for moose , smaller mammals and birds
them from over - browsing on willow and aspen , which in turn helps maintain healthy stands of trees in the landscapepreventingthem from over - browsing on willow and aspen , which in turn helps maintain healthy stands of trees in the landscape
to decrease elkledto decrease elk
a more robust population through survival of the fittestcreatinga more robust population through survival of the fittest
according to a release from Fish and Gamemay have also contributedaccording to a release from Fish and Game
the conflicts(passive) caused bythe conflicts