1 ) competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral adrenergic receptor sites ( especially cardiacleadsto decreased cardiac output
a slight increase in pacing ratemay causea decrease in cardiac output
1) competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral ( especially cardiac ) adrenergic neuron sitesleadingto decreased cardiac output
1 ) competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral ( especially cardiac ) adrenergic neuron sites ,leadingto decreased cardiac output
Phenylephrinecan causea decrease in cardiac output
Hyperventilationcausesa decrease in the cardiac output
vasopressincausesdecrease in cardiac output
a decrease in venous return to the heartleadsto decreased cardiac output
a decrease in venous return to the heartresultsin decreased cardiac output
Competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral adrenergic receptor sites ( especially cardiacleadsto decreased cardiac output
d ... competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral adrenergic receptor sites ( especially cardiacleadsto decreased cardiac output
Competitive antagonism of [ [ catecholamines ] ] at peripheral ( especially cardiac ) adrenergic receptor sitesleadingto decreased cardiac output
by ischemia(passive) caused byReduced cardiac output
ed are:(1 ) competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral adrenergic receptor sites ( especially cardiacleadsto decreased cardiac output
2 Competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral ( especially cardiac ) adrenergic neuron sitesleadingto decreased cardiac output
peripheral adrenergic receptor sites ( especially cardiacleadsto decreased cardiac output
d ... peripheral adrenergic receptor sites ( especially cardiacleadsto decreased cardiac output
to decrease in mean arterial pressureleadsto decrease in mean arterial pressure
a sympathetic stimulation , which causes an increase in HR , BP , and rate and depth of respirations as a compensatory mechanismcausinga sympathetic stimulation , which causes an increase in HR , BP , and rate and depth of respirations as a compensatory mechanism
Renal hypoperfusion(passive) can be caused byRenal hypoperfusion
to decrease in mean arterial pressureleadsto decrease in mean arterial pressure
to renal hypoperfusion and to increased synthesis and release of renin into the circulationleadsto renal hypoperfusion and to increased synthesis and release of renin into the circulation
in hypotension , syncope and uteroplacental perfusionresultingin hypotension , syncope and uteroplacental perfusion
to decreased exercise capacity and shortness of breath during exerciseprobably contributesto decreased exercise capacity and shortness of breath during exercise
to increasing ischaemia especially significant in the cerebral circulationwill also leadto increasing ischaemia especially significant in the cerebral circulation
oftenresultsoften
to reduction in LV output and ultimately hypotensionleadsto reduction in LV output and ultimately hypotension
impaired tissue perfusion , which causes activation of neurohormonal mechanisms as RAAS(Renin angiotensin activation systemcausesimpaired tissue perfusion , which causes activation of neurohormonal mechanisms as RAAS(Renin angiotensin activation system
alsomay ... causealso
to prolonged circulation timeleadingto prolonged circulation time
reduced tissue perfusion , particularly during irregular or a rapid heart ratecausingreduced tissue perfusion , particularly during irregular or a rapid heart rate
to decreased renal perfusion and is associated with reduced renal functionmay leadto decreased renal perfusion and is associated with reduced renal function
from heartresultingfrom heart
to renal hypoperfusionleadsto renal hypoperfusion
undoubtablycontributesundoubtably
to dyspnea , exercise intolerance and later deathleadsto dyspnea , exercise intolerance and later death
in compromised organ perfusioncan resultin compromised organ perfusion
an increase in end - diastolic volume and pressurecausesan increase in end - diastolic volume and pressure
in decreased delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissuesresultingin decreased delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissues
in turnleadsin turn
in shortness of breathresultingin shortness of breath
from the regulatory limitations of the heart ( Fig . 2resultingfrom the regulatory limitations of the heart ( Fig . 2
from the reduction in preloadresultsfrom the reduction in preload
a state of hypoperfusioncausesa state of hypoperfusion
to the formation of cardiac insufficiencyleadsto the formation of cardiac insufficiency