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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

by vehicles with high axle load(passive) caused bysubsoil compaction

by vehicles with high axle load (passive) caused bysubsoil compaction

farm vehicles and machinery results in a layer of higher strength soil commonly at 10 - 40 cm depth(passive) caused bySubsoil compaction

by heavy axle loads(passive) caused bysubsoil compaction

by high axle loads(passive) caused bysubsoil compaction

Axle loads above 10 tonscan causesubsoil compaction

very high axle loads on trucks and other equipment common on Marcellus development sites(passive) is caused bySubsoil compaction

the reduction in soil strength at depthmay contributeto subsoil compaction

Farm equipment with high axle loads on wet soilwill causecompaction

by heavy vehicles(passive) caused bySubsoil compaction

heavy machinerycausessubsoil compaction

The load of the glaciercausedsubsoil compaction

The load from the ice covercausedsubsoil compaction

by a myriad of factors(passive) is influencedCompaction HMA compaction

by a myriad of factors(passive) is influenced byCompaction HMA compaction

very likelyto causesubsoil compaction

by traffic of equipment , vehicles , or even foot traffic(passive) caused byCompaction

Use of heavy equipment , especially when the soil is wetcausescompaction

Excessive tilling or tilling when the soil is too wetcan causecompaction

also changes soil structurecausingcompaction

by driving on wet soil(passive) caused bycompaction

driving on wet soil(passive) caused bycompaction

The weight or pressure of traffic on the surfacecausescompaction

by heavy lawn equipment , heavy rainfall , foot traffic , etc(passive) caused bycompaction

field activities on wet soils(passive) caused bycompaction

Working wet soilcausescompaction

especially when the soil is wetwill causecompaction

rolling across the wet fields with the heavy equipment(passive) is caused bythe compaction

Foot traffic , concrete and poor soil preparation when planting the treecausescompaction

repeated traffic , heavy traffic , or traveling on wet soil(passive) is caused byCompaction

by harvesting machinery on wet soils(passive) can be caused bycompaction

by harvesting machinery on wet soils(passive) can be causedcompaction

harvesting machinery on wet soils(passive) can be caused bycompaction

Working wet soil too earlycan leadto compaction

by heavy tillage equipment(passive) caused bycompaction

traveling on wet soil or by heavy equipment(passive) is caused byCompaction

heavy equipment traversing wet soil(passive) caused bycompaction

The weight of large farm equipmentcan causecompaction

heavy lawn traffic such as cutting the grass or walking on the lawn(passive) can be caused byCompaction

the heavy farm equipmentwill ... causecompaction

to a high bearing capacityleadsto a high bearing capacity

to causes of increased IOP , independent of angle - closurecontributesto causes of increased IOP , independent of angle - closure

to causes of the increase in IOP , independent of angle - closurecontributesto causes of the increase in IOP , independent of angle - closure

to causes of IOP increase independent of angle - closurecontributeto causes of IOP increase independent of angle - closure

to the squeezing out of most of the water present between the sedimentsleadsto the squeezing out of most of the water present between the sediments

slower water movementcausesslower water movement

root growth(passive) caused byroot growth

from farming practicesresultingfrom farming practices

the annual monetary loss(passive) caused bythe annual monetary loss

poor soil structure problemscan ... causepoor soil structure problems

in substantial losses of ecosystem servicesresultsin substantial losses of ecosystem services

changes in the soil structure and pore spacecauseschanges in the soil structure and pore space

to the loss of pore space between soil particlesleadsto the loss of pore space between soil particles

the soil structure to resist water movement and root penetration as wellwill causethe soil structure to resist water movement and root penetration as well

to problems with soil drainage , aeration , nutrient cycling , and plant growthtypically leadsto problems with soil drainage , aeration , nutrient cycling , and plant growth

in subsidence or settling of the land surfaceresultsin subsidence or settling of the land surface

to lower soil permeability and poorer soil aeration resulting in increased erosion hazard and poorer plant productivitycan leadto lower soil permeability and poorer soil aeration resulting in increased erosion hazard and poorer plant productivity

in loss of soil structureresultingin loss of soil structure

from a loss of soil structureresultingfrom a loss of soil structure

reduction of pore spaces between soil particlescausesreduction of pore spaces between soil particles

Poor soil structure(passive) is usually caused byPoor soil structure

damage to the soil structure , which means less organic matter is available to plantscausesdamage to the soil structure , which means less organic matter is available to plants

to the increase in relative density for soilledto the increase in relative density for soil

in a loss of pore space and poor surface drainage which will encourage Fusarium Patch diseaseresultsin a loss of pore space and poor surface drainage which will encourage Fusarium Patch disease

to lower soil permeabilitycan leadto lower soil permeability

changes in the soil structurecauseschanges in the soil structure

in shallow plant rooting and poor plant growthcan resultin shallow plant rooting and poor plant growth

to better soil aerationleadsto better soil aeration

Shallow root systems ... reduced nutrient uptake(passive) caused byShallow root systems ... reduced nutrient uptake

in loss of soil structure by particle disaggregation , chemical changes as a result of the development of anaerobic conditions in the soil storeresultingin loss of soil structure by particle disaggregation , chemical changes as a result of the development of anaerobic conditions in the soil store

to problems for grass such as poor growth and poor use of fertilizer and watercan leadto problems for grass such as poor growth and poor use of fertilizer and water

to root development problemsleadingto root development problems

to a serious reduction in soil aerationcan leadto a serious reduction in soil aeration

in lower water storage capacity of the soil and increased surface runoffresultsin lower water storage capacity of the soil and increased surface runoff

in poor plant performanceresultingin poor plant performance

in shallow plant rooting and poor plantcan resultin shallow plant rooting and poor plant

an increase in surface runoff from the roadwill causean increase in surface runoff from the road

in yield reductions due to decreases in seed germination , root and plant growthcan resultin yield reductions due to decreases in seed germination , root and plant growth

erosion and reduced plant growthcauseserosion and reduced plant growth

in runoff and poor crop performanceresultingin runoff and poor crop performance

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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