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While there is not much that macroeconomic policy can doto preventcommodity price shocks
hurricanes Katrina and Rita(passive) caused bypetrochemical price shocks
sudden increase in supplycreatingcommodity price shocks
A scenario where there is cost - push inflation due tomay leadcommodity price shocks
more attractive lanes ( with attractive pricing ) which open up in the vicinity of a particular lane(passive) can also be caused bySupply side price shocks
too much growth ... labor and capacity shortagescauseinflationary price shocks
eventscan causecommodity price shocks
an urgent and unexpected financing gap (resultingfrom commodity price shocks
the increase of China†™ s price levelresultingfromoil price shocks
world crises(passive) caused bycrude price shocks
Middle East instability or Latin American tyrants due to oil ’s commodity status(passive) caused byany potential commodity price shocks
alsocan ... contributealso
the uncertainties and volatility(passive) created bythe uncertainties and volatility
to sustained inflation effectsleadto sustained inflation effects
in an increase in food and energy inflationresultedin an increase in food and energy inflation
a severe trade - off between inflation and output gap stabilizationcreateda severe trade - off between inflation and output gap stabilization
a fairly indiscriminate sell - off ... including in places that should be beneficiaries of lower commodity prices , notably Kenyatriggereda fairly indiscriminate sell - off ... including in places that should be beneficiaries of lower commodity prices , notably Kenya
significantly to global business cycles , such as those observed in the 1970s ... Hamilton 1983 ; and Blinder and Rudd 2012 ) or more recently at the onset of the Great Recession ( Hamilton 2009have ... contributedsignificantly to global business cycles , such as those observed in the 1970s ... Hamilton 1983 ; and Blinder and Rudd 2012 ) or more recently at the onset of the Great Recession ( Hamilton 2009
recessionscan also createrecessions
many African countries to struggle to meet up with foreign exchange trade payment obligationshave causedmany African countries to struggle to meet up with foreign exchange trade payment obligations
in chaosresultin chaos
to the combined loss of $ 2.8 billion in real GDP and growth declined markedly in 2015 in the three most affected countriesledto the combined loss of $ 2.8 billion in real GDP and growth declined markedly in 2015 in the three most affected countries
the exchange rate changes(passive) caused bythe exchange rate changes
producers to play the commodity price shocks safe with their budgets and not do a lot of low value exploringhave causedproducers to play the commodity price shocks safe with their budgets and not do a lot of low value exploring
producers to play it safe with their budgets and not do a lot of low value exploringhave causedproducers to play it safe with their budgets and not do a lot of low value exploring
to regime shiftsleadto regime shifts
resource revenues(passive) caused byresource revenues
from trade policy through factor prices to poor householdsresultingfrom trade policy through factor prices to poor households
in opposite movements in the terms of trade for Canada and the United Statesresultin opposite movements in the terms of trade for Canada and the United States
according to the International Monetary Fund ( IMFcan ... contributeaccording to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF
government revenues to decline , and a depreciation in local currencies against the US dollar , which makes foreign currency loans more expensive to repaycausegovernment revenues to decline , and a depreciation in local currencies against the US dollar , which makes foreign currency loans more expensive to repay
problems in other vulnerable sectors ( e.g. financial system ) , which may require faster / larger adjustment to be able to manage contingent liabilitiescan ... triggerproblems in other vulnerable sectors ( e.g. financial system ) , which may require faster / larger adjustment to be able to manage contingent liabilities
around one - third of output growth fluctuations post 1950causedaround one - third of output growth fluctuations post 1950
the instability(passive) caused bythe instability
from weak global economic growth , appreciation of the dollarresultingfrom weak global economic growth , appreciation of the dollar
the same time(passive) influenced bythe same time
problems in other vulnerable sectors , which may require faster / larger adjustment to be able to man- age contingent liabilitiescan ... triggerproblems in other vulnerable sectors , which may require faster / larger adjustment to be able to man- age contingent liabilities
from reformsresultingfrom reforms
to higher levels of conflict and reduce the pacifying effects of defection messagingleadto higher levels of conflict and reduce the pacifying effects of defection messaging
partiallycontributedpartially
considerably more to fluctuations in the exchange rate in the other Latin American countries than in Argentinacontributedconsiderably more to fluctuations in the exchange rate in the other Latin American countries than in Argentina
to an increase in external debtleadto an increase in external debt
asymmetric effects on financial sector index returns or notcauseasymmetric effects on financial sector index returns or not
Most episodes(passive) were triggered byMost episodes
civil war in Colombiainfluencecivil war in Colombia
to growth in Argentinacontributedto growth in Argentina