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Japanese black bears during foraging(passive) created bycanopy gaps
a flood or some other disturbance(passive) created bya canopy gap
Japanese black bears and ‘ bear shelf ’ known as ‘ kuma - dana(passive) created byCanopy gap
natural tree death or windthrow(passive) created bycanopy gaps
harvesting or natural disturbance(passive) caused bycanopy gaps
wind or other disturbance events(passive) caused bycanopy gaps
harvesting ... natural disturbancescreatecanopy gaps
the foraging bears(passive) created bycanopy gaps
felling of a single tree(passive) caused bya canopy gap
natural tree death or wind throw(passive) created bycanopy gaps
moderate human and natural disturbances(passive) created byCanopy gaps
tree mortality and failure(passive) created bycanopy gaps
Balsam fir relies on disturbance eventsto createcanopy gaps
previous larger - scale disturbance events(passive) created bycanopy gaps
The heterogeneity of forest ecosystems ... natural disturbancescreatecanopy gaps
single - tree selection cutting on regeneration density and diversity in Oriental beech ( Fagus orientalis Lipsky ) forests of Northern Iran(passive) created bycanopy gaps
cyclonic disturbances(passive) created bycanopy gaps
a typhoon varies by understory plant leaf phenology , Ecological Entomology , 2010 , 35 , 5 , 576 Wiley Online Library(passive) created bycanopy gaps
the death or disturbance of a mature tree , influence forest community structure(passive) created byCanopy gaps
treefalls , which are important for growth and reproduction ( Denslow et al . 1990(passive) created bycanopy gaps
tree removal combined with recreational activities(passive) created byCanopy gaps
a " catastrophic windthrow " event in northern pin oak but not in eastern white pine forests in Minnesota(passive) created bycanopy gaps
spruce budworm ( 1999(passive) caused bycanopy gaps
tree - falls and ash mortality due to emerald ash borer(passive) caused bycanopy gaps
natural treefalls(passive) created bycanopy gaps
Small - scale disturbancescreatecanopy gaps
natural or artificial disturbances(passive) created bycanopy gaps
spruce budworm , Ecoscience , 1999(passive) caused bycanopy gaps
Floods or cyclonescreatecanopy gaps
branch or tree(passive) caused byCanopy gaps
human activities such as logging(passive) created byCanopy gaps
group selection logging(passive) created byCanopy gaps
logging than in uncut forests(passive) created bycanopy gaps
disease , insect , and windthrow(passive) created bycanopy gaps
tree / shrub removal(passive) created bycanopy gaps
the harvest of the crop tree(passive) created bythe canopy gap
removal of one tree(passive) created bythe canopy gap
tree - fall Incidence of Lyme disease organisms in resident and migrant birds of the lower Champlain Basis Summer student research 2009 Larval fish drift on the Poultney River Lauren Selonke(passive) created bya canopy gap
single - tree selection cutting and a ravine(passive) created bya canopy gap
blowdown or in naturally - open woodlands and swamps(passive) created bycanopy gaps
to initiate regeneration of hardwood species at Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller National Historic Parkwere createdto initiate regeneration of hardwood species at Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller National Historic Park
from the ineffective use of growing space , presence of features ( such as rocks ) prohibiting harvesting operations , and naturally by wind , disease , drought , and firesresultfrom the ineffective use of growing space , presence of features ( such as rocks ) prohibiting harvesting operations , and naturally by wind , disease , drought , and fires
heterogeneity of ecosystem function through spatial variation in effects on growth and mortality across mature and old - growth standscan createheterogeneity of ecosystem function through spatial variation in effects on growth and mortality across mature and old - growth stands
different environmental conditions affecting the survival and growth of tree seedlings and saplingscreatedifferent environmental conditions affecting the survival and growth of tree seedlings and saplings
localized areas of increased light on fine spatial and temporal scalescreatelocalized areas of increased light on fine spatial and temporal scales
distinct microenvironments within the broader forest environmentcreatedistinct microenvironments within the broader forest environment
patchy light and soil - nutrient availabilitycreatepatchy light and soil - nutrient availability
to an increase in maple seedling abundance and maple sapling importanceledto an increase in maple seedling abundance and maple sapling importance
the regeneration of woody speciesinfluencethe regeneration of woody species
to fir regenerationcontributeto fir regeneration
from crown damage or wind throwresultingfrom crown damage or wind throw
from timber harvesting ( Hérault et al . 2010resultingfrom timber harvesting ( Hérault et al . 2010
to the transformation of understory microenvironments ( e.g. , solar energy , water , and nutrients ) , responsible for understory biodiversity and habitatscan also leadto the transformation of understory microenvironments ( e.g. , solar energy , water , and nutrients ) , responsible for understory biodiversity and habitats
small - scale changes in both light transmittance and hydrology in forested peatlandscan causesmall - scale changes in both light transmittance and hydrology in forested peatlands
areas of higher browse densitycreatedareas of higher browse density
to differences in TCMs derived from TLS and UAVsleadto differences in TCMs derived from TLS and UAVs
at that timecreatedat that time
as a result of the dying treescreatedas a result of the dying trees
how the top of canopy is modelled from UAV and TLS point cloudsinfluencehow the top of canopy is modelled from UAV and TLS point clouds
via harvestingcreatedvia harvesting
in 1994 in a … ( More ) Plant effects on microbial assemblages and remediation of acidic coal pile runoff increatedin 1994 in a … ( More ) Plant effects on microbial assemblages and remediation of acidic coal pile runoff in
growth of a dense grove of 15 ' - 20 ' tall pawpawshad promptedgrowth of a dense grove of 15 ' - 20 ' tall pawpaws
to the maintenance of tree species diversitycontributeto the maintenance of tree species diversity
when older trees diecausedwhen older trees die
browse and cover(passive) created bybrowse and cover
food and cover(passive) created byfood and cover
when leaf cover declinescreatedwhen leaf cover declines
with VDTcreatedwith VDT
the partial sunlight(passive) created bythe partial sunlight
from a select timber harvestcreatedfrom a select timber harvest
or accentuated by the prescribed burncreatedor accentuated by the prescribed burn
from mortality and thinning during stand developmentresultingfrom mortality and thinning during stand development
- species like sugar maple , American beech , red spruce , balsam fir and eastern hemlockis created- species like sugar maple , American beech , red spruce , balsam fir and eastern hemlock
higher soil temperature(passive) caused byhigher soil temperature
from logging , as well as the reduction of seed - eating peccaries by huntersresultingfrom logging , as well as the reduction of seed - eating peccaries by hunters
from the recent death of a single overstorey treeresultingfrom the recent death of a single overstorey tree
through the logging of groups of trees in the Sungai Menyala forest , Peninsular Malaysiacreatedthrough the logging of groups of trees in the Sungai Menyala forest , Peninsular Malaysia
in tall vegetation at Te Puia Springscreatedin tall vegetation at Te Puia Springs