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Smart Reasoning:

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

aside(passive) will be setconvictions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification by photograph

only if the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification(passive) will be set asideConvictions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification by photograph

a series of two faces ... a timeledto more accurate identification by study witnesses

the factorsinfluenceeyewitness identification accuracy in criminal cases in which eyewitness identification is a pivotal issue

Dr. Ross ... factorsinfluencethe accuracy of lineup identification accuracy and how jurors perceive eyewitness testimony

expert human inputcan leadto image identification bias

the inherent limits in human visual perception and memorycan leadto errors in eyewitness identification

The vast majority of exonerationsresultfrom DNA evidence disproving an eyewitness identification

1 ) factorsinfluenceeyewitness memory and lineup identification

an increasingly clear picture of the inherent limits in human visual perception and memorycan leadto errors in eyewitness identification

the factorsinfluenceeyewitness identifications that are based on visual observation

the factorsinfluenceeyewitness identification decisions

factorsinfluenceeyewitness identification decisions

estimator variables and system variablesinfluencethe performance of eyewitness identification

the proceduremay influencean eyewitness ' identification of the alleged suspect

so suggestiveto leadthe identifying witnesses to make faulty identifications

anythingmay influencethe eyewitness 's identification

Age , and all of the physical and mental disorders that accompany itcan influencethe accuracy of the identifications made by elderly eyewitnesses

those factorsmight influencethe accuracy of a lineup identification

the conditions under whichinfluencesjuror evaluations of eyewitness identification

false arrestsresultingfrom unreliable eye witness identifications

factorsinfluencingthe accuracy of eyewitness identification

the factorsinfluenceeyewitness identification accuracy

factorsinfluencingeyewitness identification accuracy

Research on eyewitnesses ... the factorsinfluenceeyewitness identification accuracy

known from researchto influenceeyewitness identification accuracy

are knownto influencethe accuracy of eyewitness identification

the factorscan influencethe reliability of eyewitness identification

the variety of factorsmay influencethe accuracy of eyewitness identification

System variablesmay leadto inaccurate eyewitness identification

One of all casesdiscoveredinvolves faulty eyewitness identification

the factorcontributingmost to the unreliability of eyewitness identification

the factorcontributing mostto the unreliability of eyewitness identification

the variablescan leadto erroneous eyewitness identification

the factorsinfluencean eyewitness ' ability to make accurate identifications

many of whichresultedfrom mistaken eyewitness identification

the sequential showing of photographsleadsto greater accuracy ... in eyewitness identifications

the factorsinfluenceeyewitness identification

the policeinfluencedan eyewitness identification

the proceduresleadingto an eyewitness identification

to a rate of choosing higher than oneleadingto a rate of choosing higher than one

a witnesscan leada witness

to the verdictcontributedto the verdict

to wrongful convictions andcan leadto wrongful convictions and

a witness to select an innocent person from a physical or photo lineupmay causea witness to select an innocent person from a physical or photo lineup

to the questionhas ... ledto the question

to most of the wrongful convictionsledto most of the wrongful convictions

in law enforcement and prosecutorsresultedin law enforcement and prosecutors

to Davisledto Davis

to erroneous conclusions on vector feeding ecology and local host usecan leadto erroneous conclusions on vector feeding ecology and local host use

more wrongful convictions than all other factors combinedto causemore wrongful convictions than all other factors combined

wrongful convictions(passive) caused bywrongful convictions

to many wrongful convictionscontributedto many wrongful convictions

to innocent people being convictedleadto innocent people being convicted

in the incarcerations of innocent persons and the unintended consequences that occurresultedin the incarcerations of innocent persons and the unintended consequences that occur

from incorrect procedureswill resultfrom incorrect procedures

to wrongful convictionoften leadsto wrongful conviction

to false identification by the only witness to the crimeleadingto false identification by the only witness to the crime

in accuracydid ... resultin accuracy

to a wrongful convictionleadingto a wrongful conviction

More than 75 percent of wrongful convictions that are later overturned by DNA evidence(passive) are caused byMore than 75 percent of wrongful convictions that are later overturned by DNA evidence

to wrong outcomescontributedto wrong outcomes

to Contreras ' convictionledto Contreras ' conviction

law enforcement(passive) caused bylaw enforcement

with the wrong person being chosen as the perpetratorresultswith the wrong person being chosen as the perpetrator

to lots of false charges for arson in Californialeadsto lots of false charges for arson in California

to so many wrongful convictions of innocent peopleleadsto so many wrongful convictions of innocent people

to wrongful convictionleadsto wrongful conviction

to a wrongful convictioncan leadto a wrongful conviction

to a number of these convictionshad contributedto a number of these convictions

to his deathledto his death

from or related to the lineupresultingfrom or related to the lineup

from or related to the lineupresultingfrom or related to the lineup

in his arrestresultedin his arrest

the FBI to identify the Tsarnaev brothersledthe FBI to identify the Tsarnaev brothers

witnesses to choose the wrong suspectcan leadwitnesses to choose the wrong suspect

Ronnie Long to spend forty years in prisoncausedRonnie Long to spend forty years in prison

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Smart Reasoning:

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