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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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Qaagi - Book of Why

Causes

Effects

any actual or potential conflict of interest , including any financial , personal or other relationships with other people or organizationscould ... influencebias

These subjective factorswill causebias

Various factorsmight have causedbias

nonfinancial factorscreatebias

The best wayto preventbias

The first wayto preventbias

Like it that wayto setbias

Americans ... a wayto preventbias

categories ... as he did n’t wantto createbias

his or her own financial interests or the financial interests of persons who have supported him or her(passive) caused bybias

all members of your society ... also helpspreventbias

a number of different factors(passive) may be caused byBias

many unmeasured factors(passive) could be caused bybias

Manual selection of the factorscreatesbias

this part , which of many factorscausebias

their own financial interests or the financial interest of persons who have supported them(passive) caused bybias

Another great wayto preventbias

the way facts are selected(passive) can be created byBias

The way of taking the eventsmay causebias

the purpose of the study ... a waycan createbias

that names work in the same waycreatingbias

the judge ... that might tendto createbias

potential reverse causality(passive) caused bybias

the potential for measurement reactivityto causebias

financial or personal relationships with other persons or organizationsinfluencebias

specific information(passive) caused bybias

Laura Sanders Scicurious Scientists may workto preventbias

template annealing in the amplification mixtures of 16S rRNA genes by PCR(passive) caused byBias

So we do n't wantto createbias

# We needto setbias

Exposure to the mediacan createbias

The mass mediacausesbias

media reports(passive) caused byBias

Media influencehad createdbias

they thinkmay createbias

a number of factors , such as popularity political and religious beliefs and financial interest(passive) can be influenced byBias

Many anecdotes ... any systematic wayto preventbias

A well written survey question ... another wayto preventbias

a lack of blinding(passive) caused byBias

The authors ... other people or organizationscould ... influencebias

to the distortion of information in the service of what may be perceived to be righteous ends”.[1leadingto the distortion of information in the service of what may be perceived to be righteous ends”.[1

to withholding of negative resultsleadingto withholding of negative results

false resultscan ... createfalse results

the results of the trials(passive) might be influenced bythe results of the trials

to erroneous resultscan leadto erroneous results

a huge error in experimentation resultscan causea huge error in experimentation results

the human error(passive) caused bythe human error

to diagnostic errorcan contributeto diagnostic error

from an Investigator financial conflict of interestresultingfrom an Investigator financial conflict of interest

from investigator financial conflicts of interest nsf conflict of interest requirementsresultingfrom investigator financial conflicts of interest nsf conflict of interest requirements

the observations , results , and conclusions of the study and make them less accurate or believable Biased Selectioncan influencethe observations , results , and conclusions of the study and make them less accurate or believable Biased Selection

to the negative trial resultscould have contributedto the negative trial results

some physicians to question the resultsledsome physicians to question the results

to error leading to further biasleadingto error leading to further bias

from financial conflict of interest ( FCOIresultingfrom financial conflict of interest ( FCOI

systematic deviations of study results from the truthcausessystematic deviations of study results from the truth

to wrong interpretation or poor resultsleadsto wrong interpretation or poor results

in unreasoned opinions and prejudicecan resultin unreasoned opinions and prejudice

from the disclosed financial interests and arrangements ( 21 CFR 54.4(a)(3resultingfrom the disclosed financial interests and arrangements ( 21 CFR 54.4(a)(3

in such an epidemiological studymay resultin such an epidemiological study

from the design of the studyresultingfrom the design of the study

from Financial Conflicts of Interest as defined by the regulationsresultingfrom Financial Conflicts of Interest as defined by the regulations

a decision or argument you recently made(passive) was influenced bya decision or argument you recently made

to low confidence in the summary estimatesleadingto low confidence in the summary estimates

to distortion of research - based information in the service of what may be perceived as righteous endsleadingto distortion of research - based information in the service of what may be perceived as righteous ends

big problemscausesbig problems

to wrong results , plain and simpleleadsto wrong results , plain and simple

us to make this common erroreasily causesus to make this common error

nonprobability sampling and can cause the results to be skewedinfluencesnonprobability sampling and can cause the results to be skewed

to spurious results and erroneous conclusions ( Shahtahmasebi & Berridge , 2009leadingto spurious results and erroneous conclusions ( Shahtahmasebi & Berridge , 2009

in low expectationscan resultin low expectations

data collection and interpretationinfluencingdata collection and interpretation

from a lack of blindingresultingfrom a lack of blinding

discrimination , fascism , racism and other barrierscausesdiscrimination , fascism , racism and other barriers

to " finding " the results that the researcher expected or wantedmay leadto " finding " the results that the researcher expected or wanted

the companiesdesignedthe companies

from the tendency to process information based on unconscious associations and feelings ... even when these are contrary to one ’s conscious or declared beliefsresultsfrom the tendency to process information based on unconscious associations and feelings ... even when these are contrary to one ’s conscious or declared beliefs

from investigator conflicts of interest , including financial conflicts of interestresultingfrom investigator conflicts of interest , including financial conflicts of interest

from measurement error ( Thomas and others 1993resultingfrom measurement error ( Thomas and others 1993

from measurement error or endogeneity of changes in incomeresultingfrom measurement error or endogeneity of changes in income

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Smart Reasoning:

C&E

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